What Are Hematologic Cancers?
Hematologic cancers are cancers that start in the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. These cancers are sometimes called blood cancers. They affect how blood cells grow and work. Because blood travels everywhere in the body, these cancers can spread quickly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hematologic cancers are among the most common types of cancer worldwide.
Types of Hematologic Cancers
There are three main types of hematologic cancers. Each type affects different blood cells or tissues. Understanding these types can help you recognize the signs early.Leukemia: This cancer starts in the bone marrow. It causes the body to make too many abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out healthy blood cells.Lymphoma: Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system. This system helps fight infections. There are two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Myeloma: Myeloma starts in plasma cells. These are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Myeloma can weaken bones and lower the body’s ability to fight infections.
Common Symptoms and Warning Signs
Early signs of hematologic cancers can be easy to miss. However, knowing the symptoms can help you seek care sooner. Common blood cancer symptoms include:Unexplained tiredness or weaknessFrequent infections or feversEasy bruising or bleedingSwollen lymph nodes, often in the neck, armpit, or groinBone or joint painNight sweatsUnplanned weight loss
Sometimes, these symptoms can be caused by other health problems. Still, it is important to talk to a doctor if you notice any of them.
Main Causes and Risk Factors
Doctors do not always know why hematologic cancers develop. Yet, some factors can raise your risk. For example, age is a common risk factor. Most blood cancers are more common in older adults. Other risk factors include:Family history of blood cancersExposure to certain chemicals, like benzenePrevious cancer treatment with chemotherapy or radiationWeakened immune system from diseases or medicinesSome viral infections, such as HIV or Epstein-Barr virus
Even with these risks, many people with hematologic cancers have no clear cause.
How Are Hematologic Cancers Diagnosed?
Doctors use several tests to find out if someone has a blood cancer. Early diagnosis can lead to better outcomes. If you have symptoms, your doctor may order:Blood tests: These check for abnormal blood cells or low blood counts.Bone marrow biopsy: A small sample of bone marrow is taken to look for cancer cells.Imaging tests: Scans like X-rays, CT, or MRI help find swollen lymph nodes or tumors.Lymph node biopsy: Doctors may remove a lymph node to check for lymphoma.
After these tests, your doctor will explain the results and next steps.
Overview of Treatment Options
Treatment for blood cancers depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Your age and overall health also matter. Common treatments include:Chemotherapy: Medicines that kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.Radiation therapy: High-energy rays target and destroy cancer cells.Targeted therapy: Drugs that attack specific parts of cancer cells.Immunotherapy: Treatments that help your immune system fight cancer.Stem cell transplant: Replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy cells.
Sometimes, doctors use more than one treatment. They will discuss the best plan for you.
Prevention Tips and Healthy Lifestyle Guidance
While not all hematologic cancers can be prevented, you can lower your risk. Here are some healthy habits to follow:Do not smoke or use tobacco productsLimit exposure to harmful chemicals at work or homeEat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetablesStay active with regular exerciseProtect yourself from infections by washing hands oftenSee your doctor for regular check-ups, especially if you have risk factors
Additionally, keeping a healthy weight and managing stress can support your immune system.
Conclusion
Hematologic cancers can affect anyone, but early detection and treatment make a difference. If you notice any warning signs or have concerns, consult a hematology specialist for personalized advice and early diagnosis.